Nonoperative and Operative Soft-Tissue and Cartilage Regeneration and Orthopaedic Biologics of the Knee: An Orthoregeneration Network (ON) Foundation Review

Orthoregeneration is defined as a solution for orthopedic conditions that harnesses the benefits of biology to improve healing, reduce pain, function, and optimally, provide an environment tissue regeneration. Options include: drugs, surgical intervention, scaffolds, biologics product cells, physical electro-magnetic stimuli. The goal regenerative medicine enhance healing after musculoskeletal injuries both isolated treatment adjunct management, using novel therapies recovery outcomes. Various orthopaedic (orthobiologics) have been investigated pathology involving knee, including symptomatic osteoarthritis chondral injuries, well tendon, meniscus, ligament, anterior cruciate ligament. Promising established modalities include hyaluronic acid (HA) in liquid or scaffold form; platelet-rich plasma (PRP); bone marrow aspirate (BMA) comprising mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem endothelial progenitor growth factors; connective (CTPs) adipose-derived (AD-MSCs) tendon-derived (TDSCs); matrix cell–based therapy autologous chondrocytes allograft; vitamin D; fibrin clot. Future investigations should standardize preparations, because inconsistent results reported may be due heterogeneity HA, PRP, BMAC, MSC preparations regimens, which inhibit meaningful comparison between studies determine true efficacy safety each treatment.